Mathematician Terence Tao has issued a stark warning that AI could plunge mathematics into a crisis similar to the foundational upheaval of the early 20th century. In a new essay for the 2026 International Congress of Mathematicians, Tao argues that the mathematical community must confront a critical question: What are the true goals of mathematical research in an age of AI? This challenge, he suggests, has been largely ignored despite the rapid evolution of AI technologies.

Tao's concerns are rooted in the historical parallels between AI's current trajectory and the foundational crisis that rocked mathematics between 1900 and 1930. During that period, the discovery of Russell's paradox and the subsequent reevaluation of mathematical logic led to profound shifts in the discipline. Tao suggests that AI may now be triggering a similar reevaluation, as it challenges traditional notions of proof, creativity, and the role of human insight in mathematics.

The essay highlights a key number: 20, which represents the number of years that have passed since the early 20th century's foundational crisis. This period saw the emergence of new mathematical frameworks, such as set theory and formal logic, which reshaped the discipline. Tao draws a parallel to the current moment, suggesting that AI may be forcing a reexamination of the very foundations of mathematics, much like the paradoxes of the early 20th century did.

The potential consequences of AI's influence on mathematics are significant. The integration of AI into mathematical research could lead to increased reliance on automated systems for proof generation and problem-solving, raising concerns about cost, vendor lock-in, and governance. Additionally, the market reaction to AI's role in mathematics may influence funding priorities and the direction of future research. These factors could reshape the landscape of mathematical inquiry, with long-term implications for the field.

Tao's essay underscores the urgency of addressing these challenges before they become insurmountable. While the impact of AI on mathematics is still developing, the parallels to the past suggest that the discipline may be at a pivotal moment. The essay calls for a reexamination of the goals and values of mathematical research in an era where AI is increasingly capable of performing tasks once thought to be exclusively human.